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Psychedelics and ecology
Researchers have noted the relationship between psychedelics and ecology, particularly in relation to the altered states of consciousness (ASC) produced by psychedelic drugs and the perception of interconnectedness expressed through ecological ideas and themes produced by the psychedelic experience. This is felt through the direct experience of the unity of nature and the environment of which the individual is no longer perceived as separate but intimately connected and embedded inside.〔
Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann, the first person to synthesize LSD, believed that the drug made one aware and sensitive to "the magnificence of nature and of the animal and plant kingdom" and the role of humanity in relation to nature.〔Smith, Craig S. (April 30, 2008). (Albert Hofmann, the Father of LSD, Dies at 102 ). ''The New York Times''. Retrieved November 1, 2014.〕 Stanley Krippner and David Luke have speculated that "the consumption of psychedelic substances leads to an increased concern for nature and ecological issues".〔 As a result, American psychologist Ralph Metzner and several others have argued that psychedelic drug use was the impetus for the modern ecology movement in the late 1960s.〔Doblin, Rick; Brad Burge (2014) ''Manifesting Minds: A Review of Psychedelics in Science, Medicine, Sex, and Spirituality''. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 1583947272.〕
==Terminology and assessment==
In the context of the psychedelic experience, the term ecology is used to refer to two concepts: how organisms relate to themselves and their environment and the concept of the political movement that seeks to protect the environment. The psychedelic experience is said to result in the direct realization of the fundamental concept of interconnectedness such as the kind found in ecological relationships. Subjects undergoing an LSD psychedelic therapy session in a controlled, laboratory setting report boundary dissolution and the feeling of unity with nature during a psychedelic peak experience.〔Grof, Stanislav (1980) LSD Psychotherapy. ''History of LSD Therapy''. Hunter House Publishers. ISBN 0897931580.〕 Vollenweider & Kometer (2010) note that measuring the "feelings of unity with the environment" can now be reliably assessed using the five-dimensional altered states of consciousness rating scale (5D-ASC) of which "oceanic boundlessness" is the primary dimension.〔Vollenweider, Franz X.; Michael Kometer (2010). The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for the treatment of mood disorders. ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 11: 642-651. 〕 Research by Lerner & Lyvers (2006) and Studerus et al. (2010) show that the self-reported values and beliefs of psychedelic drug users indicate a higher concern for the environment than both non-users and users of other illegal drugs. It is unclear from the research whether the concern for the environment preceded the psychedelic experience or came about as a result of it.〔Maclean KA, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. (Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness ). ''J Psychopharmacol'' (Oxford). 2011;25(11):1453-61.〕 Conversely, Lester Grinspoon reports that ecological awareness may result in psychedelic drug users forgoing the drug and non-users staying away from it entirely to remain "pure". In other words, ecological awareness may not precipitate psychedelic drug use, but may actually discourage it.〔Grinspoon, Lester; James B. Bakalar (1979). ''(Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered )''. Basic Books: New York. pp. 56-88. ISBN 0-465-06450-7.〕
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